Carnitine and hemodialysis American Journal of Kidney Diseases History of L carnitine: Implications for renal disease Journal of Renal Nutrition Comparison of short term and long term effects of peroral L carnitine intake: clinical implications of elevated TMAO levels in cardiovascular complications Early research into L carnitine was often cited as underwhelming, showing negligible changes in muscle carnitine content and fat loss outcomes. However, these findings may have been limited by a short study window Carnitine Deficiency: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, and More Osmosis