Early research into L carnitine was often cited as underwhelming, showing negligible changes in muscle carnitine content and fat loss outcomes. However, these findings may have been limited by a short study window Combined protective effects of oligo fucoidan, fucoxanthin, and L carnitine on the kidneys of chronic kidney disease mice ScienceDirect l Carnitine pretreatment ameliorates heat stress induced acute kidney injury by restoring mitochondrial function of tubular cells American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology American Physiological Society Carnitine and hemodialysis American Journal of Kidney Diseases Practice recommendations for the use of L Carnitine in dialysis related carnitine disorder National Kidney Foundation Carnitine Consensus Conference ScienceDirect