E Cigarettes: Patent Analysis and Technological Evolution How Electronic Cigarettes Work HowStuffWorks ECAM: A low cost vaping device for generating and collecting electronic cigarette condensate for in vitro studies HardwareX Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), including e cigarettes and vapes, are often perceived as a safer alternative to traditional tobacco. But is the evidence really supporting this belief? A recent umbrella review published Electronic cigarettes: A safe substitute? New Scientist